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                    <text>Τριαντάφυλλος Δ., «Αρχαία Θράκη» στο Παπούλια Β., Μερακλής Μ. κ.ά., Θράκη, Γενική Γραμματεία Περιφέρειας Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας - Θράκης, 2000</text>
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 Southwest of the Ancient Theatre, three buildings of the 4th century have been uncovered, with an impressive retaining wall which holds their terraces.&#13;
Southwest of the Ancient Theatre there is the district with the famous houses of the Maronites from the 4th and 3rd century BC century. The rooms have been built around two courtyards, one paved, leading to the service rooms of the house, the kitchen and bathroom and a patio with a colonnade, which leads to the main room of the house, the "androna". One courtyard, the one which is dated in the 3rd century BC, has an area of 645 sq.m and features mosaic floors.&#13;
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Detail of the mosaic floor with vine leaves and  fruits.</text>
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              <text>Sanctuary of Dionysos&#13;
The sanctuary of Dionysus is dated in the late 4th century BC. It is built in a prominent location in the west of the Ancient Theatre. The space was identified with the Sanctuary of Dionysus because during the excavations a clay mask of the god Dionysus was found here and now is in the Archaeological Museum of Komotini. It is a large rectangular building with dimensions 20.80 x 8.60 m., oriented from northwest to southeast. The vestibule, the main temple and the utility rooms have been excavated. The excavations are still in progress.&#13;
Clay mask representing the god Dionysus. It dates in the 4th century BC and was found in the homonymous sanctuary in Maronia. The god is depicted bearded, with a wreath on his head of leaves and fruit. The worship of Dionysus is attested from previous centuries and is linked to the cultivation of the vine, which flourished in the region. The god with his symbols was used as a theme in coins, but also in the decoration of vases, especially those related to the preparation and consumption of wine. The black, wine from Maronia, was  an eminent trading product.</text>
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              <text>Ancient Port Colonization &#13;
The Greeks of the Eastern Aegean, during the 8th century BC, colonized the land of the Thracian tribes, seeking new homes.  In the middle of the 7th century BC, habitants of the island of Chios, founded the ancient Maronia, which was very close to the preexisted and older Ismaros. The name of the city is considered to be linked to the Homeric Maronas, son of Evanthos, and priest at Ismaros of the god Apollo. Gradually, there will be a mutual cultural influence between the colonists and the local population. In the new region, the colonists found fertile plains in order to grow olives, cereals and vines- crops which were bonded with the colonists for long time- but also they found a natural harbor which will be of great importance for the promotion of their trade.  Remnants of the jetty, dated on the 4th century BC, preserved on the east side of the modern port of St. Charalambos. The location of the colony is very privileged, as it offers a great views all the way from Thassos to Samothrace. However, there was an ongoing conflict with the neighbor Thassians, due to the fact that the very competitive nearby Strymi, which was a Thassian colony, was also thriving. These controversies begun during the Archaic period and they appear again in 360/361 BC, this also showed the westward expanse of the area controlled by Maronia. &#13;
The exploitation of the rich Thracian inland, and activities such as the grain production, cultivation of olive trees and especially vines, but also the extensive livestock, (an occupation of the inhabitants even at present), in combination with trade, brought great economic growth and prosperity in the ancient city. &#13;
On the ground floor of the Archaeological Museum of Komotini there are several tombstones exhibited, on which you can see the different types of occupations of the people of the ancient city, for example you will be able to spot doctors but also greengrocers.&#13;
At this point we should state, that another proof of the growth and development of the city could also be the coinage of Maronia, where its coins were widely spread in all the known ancient world. The metal was guaranteed by commercial trading. &#13;
The beginning of coinage in the city took place during 520-515 BC. On the front side of the coins, the representation is associated with the worship of Dionysus and also with the cultivation of vines. &#13;
Moreover, there was also a representation of a horse, which is another symbol of the city, and is connected with Kikones. On the back side, there is a variation of representations so we could see bunches of grapes, rams, concave squares with crosses but also the figure of Hercules.&#13;
At the Archaeological Museum of Komotini there are exhibited several findings from the ancient Maronia.&#13;
Funerary relief depicting, on the left, a dead person in the shape of a seated woman, and on the right, a standing young maidservant. This is dated back to the 4th century BC.&#13;
From 1969 to 1988 the excavations in the ancient city took place under the supervision of Evangelos Pentazos. Since 1971 Maronia became part of the excavations project of the Archaeological Society of Athens. It is worth mentioning that the finds dated from the 4th century onwards to the Hellenistic and the Roman period. The very few findings which are dated even before then, are only small fragments of reliefs, many of which were found embedded in buildings of the modern village of Maronia or they have unknown origins. &#13;
Part of the frieze of a funerary monument of 400 BC, with the Persephone's representation and the winged figure (this is the departed young man).&#13;
Clay statuette of Aphrodite from Maronia, dated in the later classical period.&#13;
Glass offerings from Maronia, dated in the 1st century BC.&#13;
In Maronia, coins from the end of the 6th century BC have been found, and many coins from the period of the city’s prosperity, namely in the 5th and 4th century BC.&#13;
Silver didrachm coin from Maronia, dated in the Classical period: A hemisected horse is illustrated galloping and facing left in a circular pattern with dots. It dates back to the 5th century BC (around 495-449 BC), with diameter 20 mm and weight 7.41 grams. The word MARONITE is inscribed on the back, around a square, which is divided into quarters and the whole composition is inside an incuse square.&#13;
Silver tetradrachm from Maronia dated in the Roman era: The bust of Dionysus at a young age is depicted, wreathed with ivy and facing right. Dated in the 2nd century BC (around 146-145 BC), with diameter 33.9 mm and weight 16.43 grams. On the back, the god Dionysus, naked, facing slightly left, holding in his right hand a bunch of grapes and in his left hand a cloak and two flutes. In the bottom left the monogram OPA is engraved. The inscription states: "DIONYSUS SAVIOR OF MARONITES". It resembles with coins of Thassos from the same period.</text>
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              <text>The Marmaritsa location&#13;
We arrive at the location called Marmaritsa, as it is very distinctively named by its residents, and we are also close to the active tectonic rift of Maronia – Makri, which you can see when you look to the east. The landscape is imposing and almost unchanged over time: the ancient marble and iron quarries sit next to perennial olive trees and bushes, all in strange formations and shapes, due to the non-stop grazing of goats and fierce blows of sea wind. &#13;
The dark coloured veins of the iron ore of Marmaritsa, are blended with marbled rocks, resulting the creation of intriguing shapes. In several spots in the area, stone piles of ore remnants, confirm the mining activities which were present on the region. &#13;
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According to the Homeric tradition, the region was inhabited by the Thracian tribes of Kikones, which had their headquarters in the city Ismaros or Ismara, a city which was located on the slopes of the homonymous mountain ( with its maximum altitude to be 660 meters). The names Ismaros and Maronia have a common etymological root. The acropolis of the city was located a little more south, on the hill of St. George (with an approximate altitude of 461 meters). Maronas is considered to be the founder of the city and he was the priest of the ancient god Apollo, who with his chariot, pulled by white horses, brings the sunlight first at the high peaks of the mountain.&#13;
In the picture you can see the remains of the west walls of the ancient city, the megalithic gate and the ancient wine press of the grapes (winepress).&#13;
Built out of rough, granitic, igneous rocks from the local region (monzodioritis), it is another undeniable fact and evidence of the habitation of the area since ancient times, but also it is a proof for the existence of organized economy in the region. &#13;
Even today, the legend comes to life in this place. The whole area is full of scattered rocks and granitic megaliths, which due to erosion because of time, as well as their exposure to the elements, take odd shapes and forms. They seem, in the visitor’s eyes, that only gigantic, mythical hands could have thrown them. &#13;
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              <text>Ancient Theater&#13;
On the way to the Synaxis region, on the smooth slopes of the mountain Ismaros, at the location which is called Kabana, among dense olive groves, the ancient theater of Maronia has revealed. Visitors of the site could spot in the background the ancient port of the city – the aquatic way of commercial trade – while they gaze at the olive trees and the deep blue Aegean Sea. &#13;
In the theater, two different constructional and operational periods could get distinguished. &#13;
The first period is dated back either during the late 4th century BC or during the early 3rd century BC. Then there were built the stone concave, which was divided into nine bleachers, the U-shaped orchestra made of clay, but also one technical project: a built and closed pipe, which was located underneath the concave, with the aim to gather all the water coming from the mountain’s slopes and channel it outside the theater’s site. &#13;
The second constructional phase, is dated back to the Roman period, during the 1st century AD. Then a two-storey stage construction was built and the orchestra turned into an arena, while a shelter made of stone was added on the front row of seats in order to protect the spectators from the gladiatorial and animal fights. At the modern village of Maronia, in the shed of Tavaniotis’ mansion, there is, among others, the headstone of the gladiator Iklatoras which states the gladiator’s victories, (twenty in total, during his life time). &#13;
The Ancient Theatre could include 2,500-3,000 spectators. The current work on the site is related to the maintenance and restoration of the first three rows of seats but also three more rows will be added (in total, there are nine rows which have being identified). During previous centuries, a considerable amount of the constructional materials of the theater, was removed and transferred to the newest village of Maronia. As it was common in the past, all these ancient pieces and materials were reused in order for the school or the area to get built, and up to today, these ancient architectural pieces and carved stones are visible in the school. &#13;
Equally striking are the three honorary presidential thrones, which are allocated on the first raw of the seats, and are dated during the first construction phase of that Hellenistic period. The names of the local lords are written on them (TOPEIROS, SENATE, FLA POLYNIKOUS) &#13;
Considerable excavation work was done on the theatre in the period of 1981 to 1994, all this work was accomplished by the archaeologist Mr Evangelos Pentazos. During the year 2000, in collaboration with the department of Architecture of the Polytechnic School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki a small-scale excavation took place. According to a study which took place in 2007, and under the sponsorship of European programs, restoration and repair work began in order to restore the appearance of the theater as well as its main functions. This work is continuing up to today and has a great progress. The theater is under the auspices of the "Citizens' Movement for Ancient Theatres' named “frieze”&#13;
View of Ancient Theater in the year 2000.&#13;
View of Ancient Theater in 2008. Work considering the repair and the restoration of the grandstands of the theater has progressed significantly. &#13;
View of Ancient Theater in 2015. The grandstands as well as the largest part of the theater, have been restored. &#13;
As part of the restoration work, a reception area was formed and several informative signs were placed. During the year 2009 and after 2500 years, the first theatrical play was hosted in the theater, the play was an ancient Greek tragedy with the actress Lydia Koniordou in the role of Electra. </text>
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                <text>MAR.03</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="101">
            <name>Is Part Of</name>
            <description>A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22843">
                <text>MAR</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22849">
                <text>en</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
