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              <text>Anaxarchos (about 380-320 BC). He was born in Abdera. He was a philosopher and a student of Diogenes of Smyrna. His passion for life is summed up in the phrase: "Blissful life", from which he got the nickname "blissful". As a personal friend of Alexander the Great, he follows his campaign for the conquest of Asia. Many ancient writers considered him to be a flatterer and bad influence for Alexander. He died agonizingly in Cyprus due to the tyrant Nikokreonta.&#13;
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              <text>&lt;p align="justify" id="maintext"&gt;Anaxarchos lived during the 4th century (380-322 B.C.), belongs to the Avdira School of Philosophy and he resonates the ideas of Democritus and Protagoras leaning to skepticism. According to Diogenis from Laerti (Philosophers? lives, book IX: §58-60), Anaxarchos studied with Diogenes from Smirni, a pupil of Mitrodoros from Chios. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
His passion for life and the enjoyment he obtained from everything compose his special personal characteristics. He followed the concept of ?living prosperously? without tensions and passions. This is why he was called ?eudaemonist?. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
He was a personal friend of Alexander the Great and followed him to his major expedition for conquering Asia. Ancient writers like Arianos (95 -175 μ.Χ.), Ploutarchos (47 -127 μ.Χ.), Diogenes from Laerti etc. give information on Anaxarchos, especially regarding his relation to Alexander the Great. According to these resources, Anaxarchos is presented to be more an adulator than a friend of Alexander the Great and was also accused of boosting the negative side of Alexander?s personality along with pandering his arrogance. Ploutarchos describes an incident where Alexander while being drank killed Klitos, one of his Eteri (the part of Alexander?s host that consisted of exceptional warriors). Eventually, Alexander acted theatrically expressing in this way his remorses and Anaxarchos convinced him that the king is beyond the law. Arianos?, in his work ?Analisi? [Analysis], comments on Anaxarchos and his willing Eteri to kneel in front of him: Alexander was supposed to be a god, not Dionysos and Hercules? there is no doubt that when Alexander would die, people would worship him as a god? so it would be fair enough to grace him while he was alive and not after his death, because then it would be worthless. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Regarding the virtues and aspirations of a competent leader he said: Erudition avails people but it also impairs. It is of benefit for a capable man, but it is tricky for the ones who speak publicly. It is important to choose when to speak. This is a component of wisdom. If they do not speak at a proper time, they will be accused of fatuity ?even if what they say is wise. &lt;br/&gt;
Anaxarchos did not accept any stable criteria for truth. His philosophical theory supported that all beings that we see or hear, are placed in a scenography or a continuous state of sleep and dream or a state of madness. As a result, the quality of our behavior is insensible. &lt;br/&gt;
Anaxarchos was known for his candor and freedom of expressing his opinion. It is said that this was the reason for being tortured to death by his enemy, the tyrant of Cyprus, Nikokreondas. According to the texts, Anaxarchos was driven ashore Cyprus, Nikokreon arrested him and then gave the order of throwing him in a big cylindrical vessel that was bitten with big beetles. During his torture Anaxarchos said: Ptise, ptise, ptise ton Anaxarchou thilakon. Anaxarchos gar ou ptisis [Beat, go on beating the body of Anaxarchos. You won?t beat Anaxarchos). When Nikokreon gave the order of cutting his tongue, Anaxarchos cut his tongue with his teeth and spitted it to the face of the tyrant. He was admired by ancient people for his valor.&lt;/p&gt;
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              <text>Vion (about 430-370 BC). He was born in Abdera and he was a mathematician, an astrologer, a philosopher, a student of Democritus and he has travelled to many places. Vion, is the first to formulate the theory of the Earth’s sphericity. He supported among others that there are regions on the planet, which have six months day and six months night.&#13;
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              <text>&lt;p align="justify" id="maintext"&gt;Vion from Avdira lived during the end of the 5h and the beginnings of the 4th century B.C. (about 430 -370 B.C.). He was an astrologist, a meteorologist, a mathematician and a philosopher. He was also a student of Democritus and wrote in Attic and Ionian dialect. According to Diogenes from Laerti, Vion from Avdira was the first who talked about the theory of areas of the earth where there is only day for six months and only night for the other six months of the year. This fact reveals that he imagined earth as spherical in shape. Additionally, Vion tried to connect the direction of the winds with the climate. His theories and scientific views lead us to the fact that he traveled a lot in distant areas.&lt;/p&gt;
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              <text>Democritus (about 470-390 BC). He was born in Abdera , he was a philosopher and a student of Leucippus. He was considered to be the father of atomic theory. Democritus has travelled to many places, and was a prolific polymath with wide knowledge of many disciplines, such as ethics, poetry, martial art, painting, physics, mathematics, grammar and phonetics. His works probably were lost by his opponents. Only small excerpts from later authors and the titles of his works are preserved. He had the nickname 'smiley', because he was often cheerful and he used to face the everyday life optimistically, believing that laughter is the source of life.&#13;
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              <text>&lt;p align="justify" id="maintext"&gt;Democritus is an atomic philosopher who was born in 460 B.C. in Avdira, Thrace, and was in the same age with Socrates. He wrote many essays which are abstractly saved today along with references to them in the works of posterior to Democritus writers (i.e Diogenes from Laerti). A catalogue of his works and many of his abstracts reveal that he was a universal spiritual man. Many parts of human life, such as ethics, poetics, war art, painting, physics, mathematics, grammar and phonetics were the objects of his philosophy. His knowledge, sharpness and spirit establish him as one of the most important philosophers. He is also regarded as the precursor of Aristotle. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
The atomic philosophers, like the Ionians, were searching for an answer to the question: How possible is the change of things. This question occupied philosophical thought, especially after the eleatic theory. According to the members of the eleatic school, a being is unique, immovable and invariable. In Parmenidis? ontology, denying the multiplicity of ?being? is based on the fact that beyond being there is nothing. Not being, blank, does not exist, since reality is full of being. Multiplicity of things surrounding us appears as being, but it is just a phenomenon.&lt;br/&gt;
The atomic theory targets to bringing the eleatic point of view of unique and invariable being with the basic characteristics of the empirical reality, as it is given in the sensory one. &lt;br/&gt;
Democritus is not trying to shake Parmenidis? aspect on the unity of being. The basic concept of the atom of Democritus keeps its basic ontological characteristics of Parmenidis? being, but now it is not one but many. In order to go through the difficulties of the ontology of Parmenidis, Democritus thought that being and not being exists along with the concept of empty space, a fact that gives him the ease to support the divisibility of being and the possibility of movement and change. Parmenidis? being is shattered in innumerable pieces that are special in the empty space and nothing can penetrate them and shatter them further. The extreme domical elements of beings, meaning the infinitesimal particles of material are named atoms and are eternal, fixed, unborn, indestructible, homogenous and indivisible, characteristics that contribute to the world?s unity. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
The contradiction of the world?s unity and the multiplicity of the phenomena was the primal problem of the pre Socratic philosophy and gets resolved through a synthesis of monistic and pluralistic elements. While Ionian and Eleatic philosophy are presented in Democritus? theory, a pluralistic perception of the world is now built. The atoms of Democritus do not allow qualitative definitions. Their only differences are quantitative, meaning they are differences in shape, size and position. Various qualities, like color, temperature, taste etc. are not characteristics of the atoms but come up by the stimulants that come from atoms or the conjunction of atoms during the perceptive procedure. The atoms themselves do not fulfill space and are not made from a specific material. Change, multiplicity and everything that is perceivable as reality exists only as a quantitative relation between the atoms, meaning as an arrangement, a composition and movement in space. Decline and decay of things is caused by the alternation of the way in which the atoms were primarily connected in order to construct a specific object. Atoms, which create the quantitative multiplicity of the phenomenal world through their kinesis, are not perceived through the sense. The world of our experience which remains unapproachable during observation, is just a phenomenon. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Accepting all the changes in the world of experience derive from the moves of exclusively fixed atoms lead Democritus to reject all quantities as subjective. He believes that there is no phenomenon that can be presented as it really is, but only as it seems to any of as. All the attributes connected to the senses are subjective and the only real knowledge is the one that derives from objects when they are constituted of atoms and space. Sweet, bitter, warm, cold and color are subjective attributes. Kinesis of atoms causes collisions and fusions creating composite bodies. Atoms stay inalterable while their joins create the qualities we observe in nature, meaning colors, tastes, temperatures. Kinesis is the supreme concept that causes the creation of the world and the multiform of the visible reality. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
In the end, Democritus concludes his theory in accepting a third concept, the concept of reasoning that is the foundation of the physical necessity. According to this concept, Democritus believes that nothing is accidental but everything is ruled by necessity, a specific cause. Every fact allows an accusative explanation in the language of atoms? collision. At this point, Democritus explains that he is not interested in the question of the principle of the atoms? kinesis and there is no reason for being interested in this question. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Democritus believes that nothing is done randomly but everything is based on need and has a particular cause. Every fact has an explanation in the language of percussion of atoms. At this point, Democritus explains that he is not referring to the question of the principle of moving and this question is not important for his theory. Regarding this issue, Aristotle criticizes the atomists, because they ignored the problem of the first moving cause. He also refers to Democritus, since he denied placing the question of the concept and cause of an eternal being, like kinesis. Moreover, since the characteristics of the atom are exclusively geometric, the concept of power does not play a part in Democritus? theory. As a result, it the perception of material is static. Kinesis is taken for granted, as well as the existence of material.  &lt;br/&gt;
Even if the atomic theory had defects and defaults and even if it was criticized, Democritus? ontology through the reduction of the qualitative designations to the quantitative ones, prepared a newer kind of science that is characterized by the quantitative perception of the world and consists of the basic condition for the creation of exact sciences, where the basic domical element of the atomic model allows the mathematical description of the natural reality.&lt;br/&gt;
Democritus, besides his formulating of atomic theory, he also formulated particularly developed Ethics. He pointed out that the most important commodity in a man?s life is ethos as an expression of social attitude and he thought that enjoyments should be moderate.&lt;/p&gt;
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              <text>Leucippus (about 480-400 BC). He was probably born in Miletus of Asia Minor and due to the destruction of his hometown by the Persians, he eventually resorted to Abdera. He was a philosopher, a student of Zeno of Elea and founded a school in Abdera. He was recognized as the founder of the atomic theory, which was later developed by his student Democritus. His work "The Grand Decoration" which describes his actual theory and the epistemological treatise “About the Mind" are the most famous of his works.&#13;
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              <text>&lt;p align="justify" id="maintext"&gt;We do not have a clear picture of the life and homeland of Lefkipos and, as a result, there are doubts on his actual existence. Lefkipos is supposed to be older than Democritus, who was a student of his and younger than Parmenides who influenced his philosophy. We do not know when he was born, but he lived between 480-400 B.C. and is synchronous to Ebedoklis and Anaxagoras. It is possible that he was born in Miletus and that he went to Elea of Great Greece, after its capture and destruction from Perses (Iranians). There he listened to Parmenides. After Elea, Lefkipos went to Thrace, where he settled in permanently, developed his theory and became the head of the school. This school inspired Protagoras and Democritus also.  &lt;br/&gt;
Lefkipos established the atomic theory. The traces of atomism can be found in the whole course of thought after Parmenides. But Lefkipos established atomic theory that was elaborated and developed by his student, Democritus. &lt;br/&gt;
The atomic philosophers, like the Ionians, were searching for an answer to the question: How possible is the change of things. This question occupied philosophical thought, especially after the eleatic theory. According to the members of the eleatic school, being is unique, immovable and invariable. In Parmenides? ontology, denying the multiplicity of ?being? is based on the fact the beyond being there is nothing. Not being, blank, does not exist, since reality is full of being. Multiplicity of things surrounding us appears as being, but it is just a phenomenon. &lt;br/&gt;
The atomic theory targets to bringing the eleatic point of view of unique and invariable being with the basic characteristics of the empirical reality, as it is given in the sensory one. &lt;br/&gt;
Lefkipos agrees with Eleates on that space does not exist and movement is not comprehensive. He accepts that not being exists, meaning space. So being is unique, immovable and invariable as Eleates believe, but it consists of small, unlimited particles in space. The concept of not being is a primal condition for Lefkipos to explain the natural world, the existence of which is based on movement. Separating space from being and admitting that this space exists as room without material, size or weight -contrasted to Eleates who thought that everything that does not subsist cannot exist- makes the movement of particles possible. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Lefkipos thinks that composition, different order or place and redistribution of complex connected atoms, which are different in size and shape, create genesis, decline and change objects. Otherness and complexity of the phenomenal visual world comes from repeated collisions that create new combinations and forms of bodies. At this point, Lefkipos introduces for the first time the law of casualty in philosophical cogitation. Nothing is accidental but everything is motivated by necessity. Lefkipos rise necessity in the place of supreme deity and dislocates the accidental from his theory, since it cannot be defined by cause.  &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Man, according Lefkipos, is the one in a group of people that is born and declined, while his communicating with others is accomplished through the senses. In Lefkipos? theory everything is or musters a body and senses are limited in a remote contact and every kind of sense, ends in being a kind of touch, as Aristotle who does not approve this theory, mentions,. Connecting senses to touch is based on the theory of idols of Ebedoklis, according to which these idols are fluid pictures deriving from objects, keeping their shape and they are the only ones which come in touch with our perceptive organs. According to Lefkipos, eyesight consists of the perception of a picture with visible objects where picture is then reflected in the pupil of the eye [?]. In this way, some idols which are constantly abstracted from visible objects, keep their shape, penetrate the eyes and produce eyesight. As a result, bodies release vapors and what is caused to our senses is similar to the fingerprint on wax (entiposis=effect). Sense and perception, according to Lefkipos, are born when idols fall on us. We cannot try any of them without the picture on us. The other senses work in a similar way. This theory on senses was espoused by Democritus. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
According to some excerpts of Aristotle, Lefkipos had written down his theory in books. His mentioned works are: ?Grand decoration? [Megas diakosmos] and his essay on knowledge ?On mind? [Peri nou].&lt;/p&gt;
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              <text>Protagoras (about 485-420 BC).He was born in Abdera, he was a philosopher and a sophist, a contemporary and a student of Democritus. He is among the first ones to create the philosophical current of the sophists. He teaches in Athens, where Pericles assigns legislative work to him. Agnostic but formidable orator, Protagoras was convicted of contempt of gods and was eventually drowned when the ship on which he was traveling, sank, while he was abandoning Athens. Protagoras’ theory is known from the homonymous work of Plato.&#13;
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              <text>Protagoras,, (about 485-420 BC). He was born in Abdera, he was a philosopher and a sophist, a contemporary, and a student of Democritus. He is among the first ones to create the philosophical current of the sophists. He teaches in Athens where Pericles assigns legislative work to him. Agnostic but formidable orator, Protagoras, was convicted of contempt of gods, and was eventually drowned, when the ship on which he was traveling, sank, while he was abandoning Athens. Protagoras’ theory is known, from the homonymous work of Plato.&#13;
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              <text>&lt;p align="justify" id="maintext"&gt;Protagoras from Avdira, synchronous to Democritus, was a thinker, educator and a rhetor, one of the greatest philosophers of ancient times and the most important representative of sophistry. He lived during the 5th century B.C. (about 485 ? 411 B.C.), a time of great events and changes in the life and thought of the ancient Hellenism, during which Greek though was turning to the mythological and logical interpretation of the world, life and society. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
After his journeys, he taught young people in the whole Greek world of his time and then ended in Athens in the middle of the 5th century, where he developed his ideas, gaining Pericles? and Euripides?  friendship ?in Euripides? dramas we can trace his influence. During this period he was famous as a political thinker. Pericles assigned him the writing of the constitution, the basic state law for the panhellenic colony of Thourii in Loukania, in southern Italy (446-444 B.C.).&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
He became known in the history of philosophical thought through his Platonic dialogues where his arguments are presented in order to get disapproved. Protagoras was the first one who introduced the concept of relativism and subjectivism in philosophy. He used Heraclitus? lessons on fluidity and movement of everything to establish his theory on what is knowledge. Truth is not personal but universal and knowledge is not defined objectively but it is based on senses. People?s values are conventional concepts and their content is defined by society and the moment in its history. This particular philosophical point of Protagoras was criticized by researchers because Protagoras was considered staying in the area of senses and did not move on to the area of mind where all stable measures of knowledge exist. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Protagoras was a pragmatist, a researcher of reality, and considered man as its judge, an interpreter and creator. At this point the concept of humanism is introduced: Man is the measure for everything. For those which exist a measure that they exist and for those that do not exist a measure that they do not exist. There is no objective truth valid for everyone. Every man defines the measure of things, truth. A Criterion for truth is the subjective perception and experience, meaning that a man?s opinion is not more valid than from the opinion of someone else and that every subjective point of view has its value. The only authentic criterion for appraising reality is every man separately in the frame of skepticism and relativism. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Protagoras believed in the evolvable of human culture, especially of the social and political life ?starting from the most incomplete forms and reaching the perfect ones. He taught that a man can create himself during learning, exercising and trying from a young age. He considered that virtue can be taught as long as man is properly endued. Practice of virtue is a means of political action and of evolution of humanity in upper levels of culture. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Additionally, Protagoras lectured on agnosticism that was related to the concept of gods. He points out in his work ?Peri theon? [On gods]: I do not know if gods exist or not and I have no idea what kind of creatures they are. He is one of the firsts who confronted the existence of god with a critical thought, considering that the absence of presence of the gods and the shortness of human life work as an obstacle for human knowledge. Obviously Protagoras was not an atheist, but he thought that the senses allow humans to acknowledge the dubious, those that the senses and mind cannot approach, since the shortness of human life does not offer humans the necessary time to go deeper in such cases. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Many of the Protagoras? aspects, like Plato?s, seemed daring and were questioned by his contemporaneous. These aspects consisted of a reason for controversies, misinterpretations and fertile discussions till today. Protagoras taught in Athens till 411 B.C., when he was accused of atheism and was forced to abandon the city and go to Cicely. The ship sank and the sophist was drawn, according to the Athenian annalist Philochoros. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
His works were important but only abstracts of it are saved along with the titles of his writings: ?Peri theon? [On gods], ?Alithia I katavalodes? [Truth or spending], ?Peri tin en archi katastaseos? [On the beginning situation] and ?Antilogie? [disputation]. Protagoras believed that for every subject there are always two conflicting aspects. These are the renowned double speeches which influenced not only rhetoricians but tragic poets also. He first taught the grammatical rules for nouns and verbs and the syntactic rules for sentences. His pedagogical values can be found in his writings ?Peri areton? [On virtues]. His work became famous and had a great influence in posterior thinkers. His contestant, Plato, is the most important source of information.&lt;/p&gt;
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              <text>Anacreon (about 570-485 BC). Lyric poet who was born in Teos in Asia Minor, still young settles in Abdera, with the second colonization in 545 BC. He is distinguished, along with the poets Sappho and Alcaeus from Lesvos, for the expression of the most hidden feelings of the individual and the joy of life. He also lived in the courtyard of the tyrant Polycrates of Samos. His poetry was mainly entertaining for the luxurious banquets and he creates a school, where the later imitations of his poems were called 'Anakreontia'.&#13;
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              <text>&lt;p align="justify" id="maintext"&gt;The vivid city of Avdira was influenced by the spiritual life of Ionia. Anakreon who lived in Avdira was the first courtier poet. He was born in Teo, an Ionian city at the coast of Asia Minor, around 570 B.C. and belongs to the ones who were forced to leave homeland in 545 B.C because of the Persian threat. So they settled in Avdira. Stravon is referring to many heroes from Avdira and reproduces Anakreon?s characterization on Avdira as a fortunate colony for the ones who came from Teo. His fame of being an important courtier poet was spread and he left Avdira to live the biggest part of his life in Samos, along with Polikratis, in Athens, along with Pisistratidis Iparchos and in the end in Thessaly, at the wealthy house of Alevades.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Anakreon, is one of the members of the lyric poets? triad along with Sappho and Alcaeus, who expressed the human secret emotions. His works are in simple Ionian dialect, contain erotic poems, symposium poems, hymns for gods, elegies, monodies and iambi celebrating heterosexual and homosexual love, woman?s beauty, wine and Dionysus, joys, delights and frustrations of life. Anakreon did not take life seriously, but he enjoyed drinking and looseness. He is a hedonist and that is why women, avlitrides, have a significant place in his work. He was not interested in politics and war and it is said that he also wrote odes for religious rituals. &lt;br/&gt;
His poetry is mainly recreational, bringing out enthusiasm at the luxuriant symposia of the spiritual sovereigns. His work resulted to the creation of a school. Posteriors imitated him by composing anakreontia songs (at Anakreon?s style), while during the middle years he was popular to secular and religious poets who also imitated him. All poetic works with an iambic two part ending or reflecting ioanian two part line and the sixty ones that are placed in the Palatini anthology, imitate the erotic and symposium poems of Anakreon and are called ?Anakreontia?. These posterior imitations shaped Anacreon as an old drank man surrendered at pleasures. The genuine abstracts of his work reveal a brilliant reasonable man with kind indifference and self control who just describes the intense joy of life.&lt;br/&gt;
His friends from Alexandria, Aristophanes from Byzantium and Aristarchos from Samothrace, published Anacreon?s poems in five books (3 books with melodies, 1 book with iambs and 1 book with elegies).  The 18 epigrams with his name on may be pseudepigraphs. Most of his poems are partially saved. &lt;br/&gt;
According to ancient texts, Anacreon died at about the age of 85 years, after a possible return to his homeland, Teo. Even if Anacreon was misinterpreted as drank reveler, he was honored in homeland, Teo, through the cut of coins with his face on them. In Athens they built his statue.&lt;/p&gt;
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